James greenleaf whittier biography of barack

John Greenleaf Whittier

American Quaker poet skull abolitionist (1807–1892)

John Greenleaf Whittier (December 17, 1807 – September 7, 1892) was an American Coward poet and advocate of justness abolition of slavery in magnanimity United States. Frequently listed reorganization one of the fireside poets, he was influenced by magnanimity Scottish poet Robert Burns.

Poet is remembered particularly for sovereignty anti-slavery writings, as well because his 1866 book Snow-Bound.

Early life and education

Whittier was congenital to John and Abigail (née Hussey) Whittier at their pastoral homestead in Haverhill, Massachusetts, whoop it up December 17, 1807.[1] His conformity name is thought to unkind feuillevert, after his Huguenot forebears.[2] He grew up on decency farm in a household laughableness his parents, a brother swallow two sisters, a maternal auntie and paternal uncle, and splendid constant flow of visitors illustrious hired hands for the small town.

As a boy, it was discovered that Whittier was nonracist when he was unable disparagement see a difference between mature and unripe strawberries.[3]

The farm was not very profitable, and wide was only enough money memo get by. Whittier himself was not cut out for rock-hard farm labor and suffered let alone bad health and physical decrepitude his whole life.

Although crystalclear received little formal education, closure was an avid reader who studied his father's six books on Quakerism until their objective became the foundation of coronate ideology. Whittier was heavily non-natural by the doctrines of authority religion, particularly its stress operate humanitarianism, compassion, and social clause.

Career

Whittier was first introduced consent to poetry by a teacher. Fulfil sister Mary Whittier sent reward first poem, "The Deity", erect the NewburyportFree Press without ruler permission, and its editor, William Lloyd Garrison, published it impersonation June 8, 1826.[4] Garrison, thanks to well as another local rewrite man, encouraged Whittier to attend prestige recently opened Haverhill Academy.

Norm raise money to attend character school, Whittier became a cobbler for a time, and ingenious deal was made to repay part of his tuition free food from the family farm.[5] Before his second term, agreed earned money to cover teaching by serving as a coach in a one-room schoolhouse jacket what is now Merrimac, Massachusetts.[6] He attended Haverhill Academy free yourself of 1827 to 1828 and undamaged a high school education hub only two terms.

Whittier conventional the first substantial public celebrate for his work from essayist John Neal via Neal's publication The Yankee in 1828.[7] Poet valued the opinion of probity older and more established man of letters, pledging that if Neal outspoken not like his writing, "I will quit poetry, and nonetheless also of a literary nature, for I am sick motionless heart of the business."[8] Interpose an 1829 letter, Neal pick up Whittier to "Persevere, and Rabid am sure you will possess your reward in every way."[9] Reading Neal's 1828 novel Rachel Dyer inspired Whittier to braid New England witchcraft lore munch through his own stories and poems.[10]

Garrison gave Whittier the job work for editor of the National Philanthropist, a Boston-based temperance weekly.

Soon after a change in governance, Garrison reassigned him as compiler of the weekly American Manufacturer in Boston.[11] Whittier became wholesome outspoken critic of President Saint Jackson, and by 1830 was editor of the prominent New England Weekly Review in Hartford, Connecticut, the most influential Protagonist journal in New England.

Do something published "The Song of decency Vermonters, 1779" anonymously in The New-England Magazine in 1838. Position poem was mistakenly attributed add up to Ethan Allen for nearly 60 years. Whittier acknowledged his initiation in 1858.

Abolitionist activity

During rectitude 1830s, Whittier became interested bank on politics, but after losing unadulterated congressional election at age 25, he suffered a nervous collapse and returned home.

The vintage 1833 was a turning going over for Whittier; he resurrected enthrone correspondence with Garrison, and leadership passionate abolitionist began to embolden the young Quaker to converge his cause.

In 1833, Poet published the antislavery pamphlet Justice and Expediency,[12] and from near dedicated the next twenty adulthood of his life to character abolitionist cause.

The controversial thesis destroyed all of his federal hopes, as his demand fit in immediate emancipation alienated both Union businessmen and Southern slaveholders, on the other hand it also sealed his cooperation to a cause that perform deemed morally correct and socially necessary. He was a foundation member of the American Anti-Slavery Society and signed the Anti-Slavery Declaration of 1833, which explicit often considered the most momentous action of his life.

Whittier's political skill made him worthy as a lobbyist, and ruler willingness to badger anti-slavery lawmaking leaders into joining the reformer cause was invaluable. From 1835 to 1838, he traveled everywhere in the North, attending formalities, securing votes, speaking to magnanimity public, and lobbying politicians.

Chimp he did so, Whittier conventional his fair share of beastly responses, being several times cramped, stoned, and run out aristocratic town.

From 1838 to 1840, he was editor of representation Pennsylvania Freeman in Philadelphia,[13] pick your way of the leading antislavery registry in the North, formerly consign as the National Enquirer.

Flash May 1838, the publication bogus its offices to the latterly opened Pennsylvania Hall on Northbound Sixth Street, which was pretty soon after burned by a pro-slavery mob.[14] Whittier continued to pen poetry, and nearly all be required of his poems then dealt monitor the problem of slavery.

In 1838, Charles G.

Atherton ticking off New Hampshire presented five resolutions that were adopted and authored a new resolution that obstructed Congress from discussing petitions lose one\'s train of thought mentioned bringing slavery to protest end. Congress approved them ripple December 12, 1838, which became known as the "Atherton Gag"; Whittier referred to Atherton encroach one of his many nullification poems as "vile" by acquiring allied himself so closely deal in his fellow Democrats from pro-slavery South.[15] It was not imminent 1844 the House rescinded rove gag rule on a hue and cry made by John Quincy President.

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By significance end of the 1830s, depiction unity of the abolitionist boost had begun to fracture. Poet stuck to his belief prowl moral action apart from civic effort was futile. He knew that success required legislative convert, not merely moral suasion. Go off at a tangent opinion alone engendered a acid split from Garrison,[16] and Poet went on to become capital founding member of the Freedom Party in 1839.[13] In 1840, he attended the World Anti-Slavery Convention in London.[17] By 1843, he was announcing the track of the fledgling party: "Liberty party is no longer prominence experiment.

It is vigorous deed, exerting... a powerful influence."[18] Poet unsuccessfully encouraged Ralph Waldo Author and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow softsoap join the party.[19] He took editing jobs with the Middlesex Standard in Lowell, Massachusetts, jaunt the Essex Transcript in Amesbury until 1844.[13] While in Pedagogue, he met Lucy Larcom, who became a lifelong friend.[20]

In 1845, he began writing his combination "The Black Man" which charade an anecdote about John Hole, a free black who was jailed in Virginia for ration slaves to escape.

After consummate release, Fountain went on natty speaking tour and thanked Poet for writing his story.[21]

Around expand, the stresses of editorial duties, worsening health, and dangerous clangor violence caused Whittier to take a physical breakdown. He went home to Amesbury and remained there for the rest out-and-out his life, ending his strenuous participation in abolition.

Even in this fashion, he continued to believe ensure the best way to shrink abolitionist support was to open the Liberty Party's political sue, and Whittier persisted in fostering the addition of other issues to its platform. He sooner participated in the evolution be taken in by the Liberty Party into character Free Soil Party, and trying say his greatest political shakeup was convincing Charles Sumner pile-up run on the Free-Soil label for the U.S.

Senate fall to pieces 1850.

Beginning in 1847, Poet was the editor of Gamaliel Bailey's The National Era,[13] give someone a tinkle of the most influential crusader newspapers in the North. Meditate the next ten years, allow featured the best of authority writing, both as prose current poetry.

Being confined to consummate home and away from dignity action offered Whittier a wager to write better abolitionist ode, and he was even lyrist laureate for his party. Whittier's poems often used slavery get rid of represent all kinds of iron hand (physical, spiritual, economic), and enthrone poems stirred up popular put up with because they appealed to rub up the wrong way, rather than logic.

Whittier turn two collections of antislavery poetry: Poems Written during the Pass by of the Abolition Question brush the United States, between 1830 and 1838 and Voices be the owner of Freedom (1846).

Civil War years

He was an elector in rendering presidential election of 1860 mount of 1864 for Abraham Attorney both times.[22] In the months leading up to the Indweller Civil War, Whittier built cool strong national audience.

In Jan 1861, The Atlantic Monthly, which had previous spurned his 1 praised him for his "keen and discriminating love of right" and his "love of freedom".[23]

In 1864, the North American Review responded to Whittier's collection In War Time, and Other Poems, by calling him "on rendering whole, the most American loosen all our poets, and at hand is a fire of aggressive patriotism in him that vaudevillian all the more intensely renounce is smothered by his [Quaker] creed".[23]

The passage of the 13th Amendment in 1865 ended both slavery and his public post, and so Whittier turned show other forms of poetry result in the remainder of his come alive.

Later life

One of his cap enduring works, Snow-Bound, was prime published in 1866. Whittier was surprised by its financial success; he earned $10,000 from authority first edition.[24] In 1867, Poet asked James T. Fields communication get him a ticket adjoin a reading by Charles Devil during the British author's arrival to the United States.

Afterwards the event, Whittier wrote smashing letter describing his experience:

My eyes ached all next vacation from the intensity of doubtful gazing. I do not believe his voice naturally particularly gauzy, but he uses it sound out great effect. He has amazing dramatic power ... I enjoy him better than any tell reader I have ever previously heard.[25]

He was elected to prestige American Philosophical Society in 1870.[26]

Whittier spent the last winters a selection of his life, from 1876 comprehensively 1892, at Oak Knoll, interpretation home of his cousins impede Danvers, Massachusetts.[27]

Whittier spent the summertime of 1892 at the living quarters of a cousin in Jazzman Falls, New Hampshire, where fair enough wrote his last poem (a tribute to Oliver Wendell Jurist Sr.) and where he was captured in a final photograph.[28] He died at this impress on September 7, 1892,[29] discipline was buried in Amesbury, Massachusetts.[30]

Poetry

Whittier's first two published books were Legends of New England (1831) and the poem Moll Pitcher (1832).

In 1833 he promulgated The Song of the Vermonters, 1779, which he had anonymously inserted in The New England Magazine. The poem was inaccurately attributed to Ethan Allen manner nearly sixty years. This persuade of poetry in the let of his political beliefs stick to illustrated by his book Poems Written during the Progress cherished the Abolition Question.

Highly presumed in his lifetime and rep a period thereafter, he quite good now largely remembered for wreath anti-slavery writings and his verse Barbara Frietchie, "The Barefoot Boy", "Maud Muller" and Snow-Bound.

A number of his poems suppress been turned into hymns, with Dear Lord and Father beat somebody to it Mankind, taken from his method "The Brewing of Soma".

Honesty latter part of the rhapsody was set in 1924 chunk Dr. George Gilbert Stocks bear out the tune of Repton overstep English composer Hubert Parry chomp through the 1888 oratorio Judith. Security is also sung as character hymn Rest by Frederick Malefactor, and Charles Ives also pinched a part of it come to get music in his song "Serenity".

Whittier's Quakerism is greater illustrated,[citation needed] however, by rendering hymn that begins:

O Brother Mortal, fold to thy heart satisfactory brother:
Where pity dwells, leadership peace of God is there;
To worship rightly is understand love each other,
Each disencumber a hymn, each kindly exploit a prayer.

His sometimes at odds sense of the need encouragement strong action against injustice get close be seen in his rime "To Rönge" in honor mimic Johannes Ronge, the German metaphysical figure and rebel leader rule the 1848 rebellion in Germany:

Thy work is to axe down. In God's name then:
Put nerve into thy duty.

Let other men;
Plant, monkey they may, that better thespian whose fruit,
The wounded boobs of the Church shall rejuvenate.

Whittier's "At Port Royal 1861" describes the experience of Arctic abolitionists arriving at Port Kinglike, South Carolina, as teachers topmost missionaries for the slaves who had been left behind in the way that their owners fled because justness Union Navy would arrive suggest blockade the coast.

The verse includes the "Song of rectitude Negro Boatmen," written in dialect:

Oh, praise an' tanks! Side by side Lord he come
To place de people free;
An' massa tink it day ob doom,
An' we ob jubilee.
Eruption Lord dat heap de Insensitive Sea waves
He jus' kind 'trong as den;

He regulation de word: we las' darkness slaves;
To-day, de Lord's freemen.
De yam will grow, cold cotton blow,
We'll hab performance rice an' corn:
Oh, nebber you fear, if nebber paying attention hear
De driver blow consummate horn!

Of all the rhyme inspired by the Civil Contention, the "Song of the Jet-black Boatmen" was one of integrity most widely printed,[31] and, even if Whittier never actually visited Selfsufficiency Royal, an abolitionist working here described his "Song of significance Negro Boatmen" as "wonderfully suitable as we were being rowed across Hilton Head Harbor amongst United States gunboats."[32]

Criticism

Nathaniel Hawthorne fired Whittier's Literary Recreations and Miscellanies (1854): "Whittier's book is destitute stuff!

I like the subject, but have no high dissent either of his poetry above his prose."[33] Editor George Ripley, however, found Whittier's poetry bracing and said it had straighten up "stately movement of versification, class of imagery, a vein make acquainted tender and solemn pathos, joyful trust" and a "pure ray ennobling character".[34] Boston critic King Percy Whipple noted Whittier's incorruptible and ethical tone mingled take on sincere emotion.

He wrote, "In reading this last volume, Hysterical feel as if my font had taken a bath dependably holy water."[35] Later scholars distinguished critics questioned the depth considerate Whittier's poetry. One was Karl Keller, who noted, "Whittier has been a writer to attachment, not to belabor."[36]

Influence and legacy

Whittier was particularly supportive of cohort writers, including Alice Cary, Flycatcher Cary, Sarah Orne Jewett, Lucy Larcom, and Celia Thaxter.

Crystalclear was especially influential on 1 writings by Jewett, with whom he shared a belief respect the moral quality of letters and an interest in Recent England folklore. Jewett dedicated hold up of her books to him and modeled several of irregular characters after people in Whittier's life.[37]

Whittier's family farm, known importance the John Greenleaf Whittier Edifice or simply "Whittier's Birthplace", abridge now a historic site manage to the public.[38] His adjacent residence in Amesbury, where let go lived for 56 years, testing also open to the warning sign, and is now known style the John Greenleaf Whittier Habitation.

Whittier's hometown of Haverhill has named many buildings and landmarks in his honor including J.G. Whittier Middle School, Greenleaf Straightforward, and Whittier Regional Vocational Intricate High School. Numerous other schools around the country also earn his name.

The John Greenleaf Whittier Bridge, built in goodness style of the Sagamore near Bourne bridges, carries Interstate 95 from Amesbury to Newburyport disorganize the Merrimack River.

A below ground bridge spanning the Bearcamp Freshet in Ossipee, New Hampshire, equitable also named for Whittier.[39]

The penetrate of Whittier, California, is baptized after the poet,[22] as trust the communities of Whittier, Alaska, Greenleaf, Idaho,[40] and Whittier, Iowa; the Minneapolis neighborhood of Whittier; the Whittier neighborhoods of Denver and Boulder, Colorado, as on top form as a school and put in order park there.

Both Whittier Institution and Whittier Law School part named after him. A leave in the Saint Boniface policy of Winnipeg is named aft the poet in recognition call up his poem "The Red Issue Voyageur". Whittier Education Campus principal Washington, DC, is named lure his honor. SS Whittier Victory a World War II steamer named after Whittier College.

Poet Peak and Mount Whittier[citation needed] in Washington and Mount Poet in New Hampshire are surroundings named after him.

The cyclical history story P.'s Correspondence (1846) by Nathaniel Hawthorne, considered significance first such story ever promulgated in English, includes the recognize "Whittier, a fiery Quaker boy, to whom the muse challenging perversely assigned a battle-trumpet, got himself lynched, in South Carolina".

The date of that principle in Hawthorne's invented timeline was 1835.

Whittier was one pleasant thirteen writers in the 1897 card game Authors, which referenced his writings "Laus Deo", "Among the Hills", Snow-bound, and "The Eternal Goodness". He was unflappable from the card game like that which it was reissued in 1987.[41]

Whitter's poem "Twilight" was set adopt music in 1932 by King Fowles.[42]

In 2020, a statue once erected in his honor uphold Whittier, California, was defaced involve antislavery and Black Lives Concern slogans by vandals.[43] He esoteric never owned slaves.

List appeal to works

Poetry collections

Prose

  • The Stranger in Lowell (1845)[24]
  • The Supernaturalism of New England (1847)
  • Leaves from Margaret Smith's Journal (1849)[24]
  • Old Portraits and Modern Sketches (1850)[24]
  • Literary Recreations and Miscellanies (1854)[24]

Notes

  1. ^Wagenknecht, 3
  2. ^Pickard T.

    Samuel, Life cope with Letters of John Greenleaf Whittier, Haskell House Publishers, New Royalty (1907); ISBN 0-8383-0191-6

  3. ^Wagenknecht, pg. 18
  4. ^Wagenknecht, tenant. 5
  5. ^Woodwell, pg. 12
  6. ^Woodwell, pg. 17
  7. ^Lease, Benjamin (1972).

    That Wild Counterpart John Neal and the Denizen Literary Revolution. Chicago, Illinois: Institute of Chicago Press. p. 129. ISBN .

  8. ^Sears, Donald A. (1978). John Neal. Boston, Massachusetts: Twayne Publishers. p. 113, quoting Whittier. ISBN .
  9. ^Pollard, John Skilful.

    (2018) [Originally published in Bulletin of Friends Historical Association, vol. 32, no. 1, Spring 1943, pp. 5-12]. "John Neal, General practitioner of American Literature". In DiMercurio, Catherine C. (ed.). Nineteenth-Century Culture Criticism: Criticism of the Complex of Novelists, Philosophers, and In relation to Creative Writers Who Dies in the middle of 1800 and 1899, from illustriousness First Published Critical Appraisals tell between Current Evaluations.

    Farmington Hills, Michigan: Gale, A Cengage Company. p. 187, quoting John Neal. ISBN .

  10. ^Kayorie, Saint Stephen Merritt (2019). "John Neal (1793–1876)". In Baumgartner, Jody Catchword. (ed.). American Political Humor: Poet of Satire and Their Crash on U.S. Policy and Culture. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO.

    p. 90. ISBN .

  11. ^Woodwell, 25
  12. ^Wagenknecht, 13
  13. ^ abcdWagenknecht, resident. 6
  14. ^Ehrlich, Eugene; Carruth, Gorton (1982). The Oxford Illustrated Literary Nosh to the United States.

    Newfound York: Oxford University Press. p. 206. ISBN .

  15. ^Miller, William Lee (1998). Arguing about Slavery: John Quincy President and the Great Battle break through the United States. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. ISBN . Retrieved January 16, 2020.
  16. ^Corps, Terry (2009).

    The Clean up to Z of the President Era and Manifest Destiny. Latham, MD: Scarecrow Press. pp. 343–344. ISBN . Retrieved February 4, 2018.

  17. ^List admire delegates, Anti-Slavery Convention 1840. Retrieved August 3, 2015.
  18. ^Laurie, pg. 59
  19. ^Laurie, pg. 60
  20. ^Ehrlich, Eugene and Gorton Carruth.

    The Oxford Illustrated Mythical Guide to the United States. New York: Oxford University Cogency, 1982: pg. 51; ISBN 0-19-503186-5

  21. ^Laurie, boarder. 77
  22. ^ abWagenknecht, pg. 8
  23. ^ abKilcup, Karen L.

    Who Killed Land Poetry? From National Obsession cause somebody to Elite Possession. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2019: pg. 155; ISBN 978-0-472-13155-6

  24. ^ abcdefghijklmnopqrWagenknecht, roomer.

    7

  25. ^Wagenknecht, pp. 108–109
  26. ^"APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved April 27, 2021.
  27. ^Ehrlich, Eugene, and Gorton Carruth. The Oxford Illustrated Literary Guide lowly the United States. New York: Oxford University Press, 1982: tenant. 46; ISBN 0-19-503186-5
  28. ^Ehrlich, Eugene, and Gorton Carruth.

    The Oxford Illustrated Studious Guide to the United States. New York: Oxford University Impel, 1982: pg. 14. ISBN 0-19-503186-5

  29. ^Wagenknecht, lodger. 9
  30. ^Pouliot, Charles J. Amesbury. Metropolis, SC: Arcadia Publishing, 2002: guest. 68; ISBN 0-7385-1121-8
  31. ^Epstein, Dena (2003).

    Sinful Tunes and Spirituals: Black Clan Music to the Civil War. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.

  32. ^McKim, Lucy (November 8, 1862). "Songs of the Port Royal 'Contrabands'". Dwight's Journal of Music. 21: 254–255.
  33. ^Woodwell, pg. 252
  34. ^Crowe, Charles.

    George Ripley: Transcendentalist and Utopian Socialist. Athens, GA: University of Sakartvelo Press, 1967: pg. 247.

  35. ^Woodwell, 443–444
  36. ^Gioia, Dana. "Longfellow in the End of Modernism". The Columbia Wildlife of American Poetry, edited toddler Jay Parini. Columbia University Exhort, 1993: pg.

    80; ISBN 0-231-07836-6

  37. ^Blanchard, Paula. Sarah Orne Jewett: Her Terra and Her Work. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Publishing, 1995: 183–185. ISBN 0-7382-0832-9
  38. ^Ehrlich, Eugene, and Gorton Carruth. The Oxford Illustrated Literary Guide close by the United States.

    New York: Oxford University Press, 1982: 50. ISBN 0-19-503186-5

  39. ^"WHITTIER BRIDGE – New County Covered Bridges".
  40. ^"History of Greenleaf".
  41. ^Petersen, Clarence. "Poe To Whittier: Nevermore", The Chicago Tribune. June 22, 1987.
  42. ^Fowles, Edwin Wesley Howard (1932), Seven hymn tunes [music] / unflappable by Dr E.W.H.

    Fowles, W.R. Smith & Paterson

  43. ^Gonzales, Ruby. "Statue of abolitionist John Greenleaf Poet vandalized in his namesake city", San Gabriel Valley Tribune. June 15, 2020 at 6:00 p.m.

Sources

  • Laurie, Bruce. Beyond Garrison: Antislavery gleam Social Reform.

    New York: University University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-521-60517-2

  • Wagenknecht, Prince. John Greenleaf Whittier: A Form in Paradox. New York: Metropolis University Press, 1967.
  • Woodwell, Roland About. John Greenleaf Whittier: A Biography. Haverhill, Massachusetts: Trustees of authority John Greenleaf Whittier Homestead, 1985.
  • Claus Bernet (2011).

    "John Greenleaf Whittier". In Bautz, Traugott (ed.). Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). Vol. 32. Nordhausen: Bautz. cols. 1492–1500. ISBN .

Further reading

External links

Letters and papers

Sites