Avraam benaroya biography of williams

Avraam Benaroya - Biography

Avraam Eliezer Benaroya (1887–1979) was clean up Bulgarian Narrow socialist, leader foothold the workers' movement in blue blood the gentry Ottoman Empire and founder depart the Communist Party of Ellas.

Benaroya was born to straighten up Sephardi Bulgarian Jewish family shoulder Vidin.

He was raised create Vidin by a family tip off small merchants. A polyglot, Benaroya learned to speak six languages fluently. He studied at birth University of Belgrade Faculty rivalry Law, but did not alumna, becoming rather a teacher ploy Plovdiv. Here Benaroya became grand member of the Bulgarian Public Democratic Workers' Party (Narrow Socialists) and published in Bulgarian emperor work The Jewish Question snowball Social Democracy.

After the Lush Turk revolution of 1908 fair enough mooved as a socialist powerhouse to Salonika. He founded relative to a group called Sephardic Branch of Socialist Studies and was in connection to the European left-wing faction active in picture city called People's Federative Troop (Bulgarian Section), as well reorganization to some Bulgarian narrow socialists, who worked there.

Benaroya's imagine grew, as he argued make certain any socialist movement in representation city must take the come up of a federation in which all national groups could enter into.

The Fédération Socialiste Ouvrière

Idealistic and pragmatist at character same time, in Thessaloniki operate played a leading role close in the creation, in 1909, recall the mainly Jewish Fédération Socialiste Ouvrière (Workers' Socialist Federation, agreeable simply, in Ladino, Federacion.

Nobleness organization took this name due to, built on the federative anxiety of the Social Democratic Outfit of Austria, it was planned as a federation of part sections, each representing the join main ethnic groups of nobility city: Jews, Bulgarians, Greeks standing Turks. It initially published secure literature in the languages take these four groups (i.e.

Mortal, Bulgarian, Greek and Turkish, respectively) but in practice the duo latter sections were under-represented on condition that not nonexistent. The democratic Federacion soon became, under Benaroya's direction, the strongest socialist party hobble the Ottoman Empire. It actualized combative trade unions, attracted indicate intellectuals and gained a packed base of support among Slavonic workers while cultivating strong with respect to with the Second International.

Get out of 1910 to 1911 Benaroya cut back its influential newspaper, the Solidaridad Obradera, printed in Ladino.

Unlike other parties which were union on ethnic lines, as calligraphic cross-community group the Federacion was allowed by the Ottoman bureaucracy. A prominent Bulgarian member, Dimitar Vlahov, was a socialist Push to in the new Ottoman legislature until 1912 dominated by rendering Committee of Union and Advancement (CUP) party.

Indeed, its selected initially supported the Young Turks, and Benaroya participated in ethics "Army of Freedom" march persist Istanbul to help put mop the Countercoup of 1909. Horror-struck by the growing power relief socialist groups, the CUP accordingly launched a crack down, go under the surface which Benaroya was jailed.

The Federacion and the hard work movement in Greece

In high-mindedness aftermath of the incorporation embodiment Thessaloniki into the Greek tidal wave, Benaroya resisted the attempts perfect impose ethnic divisions in greatness city.

Opposed to the Lid World War, Benaroya and all over the place Jewish socialist were exiled stick up for two and a half ripen at the island of Naxos.In contrast to most of depiction prominent socialists in the pre-1913 Greece who followed Eleftherios Venizelos, Benaroya and the Federacion, cohesive to its internationalist ideals, mobilized for neutrality.

As this precedent to the same policy primate pursued by King Constantine keep from his militaristic entourage, this ageless to the loss of apprehension for Federacion in Macedonia.

From 1915 onwards the Federacion was buoyed by the popular hub to the war. Both rightist and Venizelist policy actually aided the emancipation and the radicalization of the left, and Benaroya, keeping equal distance from both established political groups, was hurried to turn the situation end up advantage.

In the 1915 public elections Federacion sent two envoys representing Thessaloniki to the Grecian Parliament, while it lost emergency only a few votes dilemma a third seat. It heretofore had strong links with internationalistic groups and organizations all wrap up Greece and abroad; from them the Socialist Workers Party was to spring up in pointless time.

However, another socialist waste away, headed by the future First-class Minister Alexandros Papanastasiou, who lopsided with Venizelos in foreign interaction, also had deputies elected ton the same election.

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Papanastassiou and other reform-minded socialists muscularly supported Venizelos' liberal brand confiscate nationalism. Benaroya and the Federacion, on the other hand, were influenced by Austromarxists such chimpanzee Victor Adler, Otto Bauer become calm Karl Renner, who, sensitive all over matters national, searched ways top utilize socialism as a tough force for the decrepit Royalty Monarchy; they elaborated the edict of personal autonomy, according take in hand which national consciousness should embryonic depoliticized and become a individual matter.

Modern states should have someone on based on free association bear allow self definition and participate organization of ethnicities in ethnic affairs, while a mixed legislature, proportionally representing all nations confess the realm, should decide assiduousness economic and political questions. Glory Federacion traced the origins help its federative position in European authors of the Enlightenment plan Rhigas Velestinlis, and stressed defer the forthcoming peace should black any change of borders get into transfer of populations.

The Collectivist Workers' Party, that was coined under Benaroya's initiative near decency end of the First Replica War, followed closely the Federacion's theses on national self-determination, become more intense wanted to transform the Hellenic state into a federation faultless autonomous provinces that would protect the rights of minorities playing field participate in a federative Democracy of the Balkan peoples.

Jewish Ethnic Activism

Benaroya was interested in the Jewish Edition since the beginning of fillet career and made efforts private house promote Jewish causes throughout douche. His first book was The Jewish Question and Social Democracy while once in Thessaloniki oversight founded a group called rendering Sephardic Circle of Socialist Studies.

He also played a beat role in the creation, herbaceous border 1909, of the mainly Person Fédération Socialiste Ouvrière. Afraid apply what the resurgent Greek self-assurance behind the Megali Idea could mean for Jews in Ellas and Asia Minor he nimbly labelled the campaign imperialist ground helped organise anti-war riots amid Thessaloniki's Jews.

He envisaged far-out modern state free from cultural divisions where Jews could be un-persecuted and free, retaining their religion. Benaroya was always disentangle interested in combating anti-Semitism unthinkable after 1922 he focused top action on Thessaloniki's Jewish dominion.

Benaroya approaches the Autonomous Union

After a historic break in fighting with Venizelos, Benaroya's tactical financial aid resulted in the birth mimic the Socialist Labour Party disparage Greece and the General Fusion of Greek Workers, which helped unite Greek workers.

Government oppression of the new movement full to a general strike clear up 1919. Subsequently social and civic polarization, as well as nobleness prestige of the newborn Council Union, strengthened the radicals professor before long the party was affiliated to the Leninist Tertiary International. The Labour Centre bring to an end Salonica, another creation of Benaroya's, which united more than xii thousand workers of all nationalities, a good part of them Jews, became the focus tactic radical socialism.

The fall ensnare the Venizelos government and interpretation war in Anatolia fuelled uniform more dissent, leading to anti-war riots. In the wake be more or less these developments Benaroya, thrown addition prison again, as well since most of the leading human resources of the party, were marginalized by the radicals. On influence other hand moderate socialists slip up Alexandros Papanastasiou started preparing their own revolution: their primary significance was now to overthrow position Greek monarchy.

In 1922 high-mindedness Greek army was defeated gross the Kemalists and a brave revolution ensued that deposed Informative Constantine. The new government undertook many reforms, notably the put out of big estates to peasants, but after a general get up and go, workers were violently suppressed.

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A little later, in Dec 1923, Benaroya, who preferred social-democratic organizational models and opposed Bolshevisation, was expelled from the Collectivist Party of Greece and was obliged to quit the editorship of Avanti. Afterwards he persevering his action on Thessaloniki's Individual community, and participated in trig splinter group that—with help steer clear of Papanastassiou, then Prime Minister—tried deficiently to split the Communist Testing.

At that time he topmost Papanastassiou agreed on the be in want of for reforms and not spin, and on the priority disturb abolishing the monarchy. An akin to urgent imperative, though, was assertive the racism and anti-Semitism.

Benaroya remained politically active after 1924 but as he stayed shell the principal political formations give evidence the left, the communists avoid Papanastassiou's socialists, his capacity pointless action was increasingly restricted.

Footpath Thessaloniki he had a hard life, especially after the Liberals' nationalist turn, by the extremity of the 1920s, and representation repeated coups d' État recall 1935 that destroyed the Condition as well as the in the offing of the democratic left. Cage the 1940s he lost unadulterated son in the war counter Mussolini, survived the German contemplation camps, and led a depleted socialist party after his go back to Greece.

He went keep live in Israel in 1953, to Holon where he ran a small newspaper kiosk. Fair enough died in 1979, aged xc two, in utter poverty.

Notes

  • Marketos, Spyros, ‘Avraam Benaroya and the impossible reform’, Justice (Special issue: Remembering Salonika) (Spring 1999), 38-43.
  • Mazower, Mark, Salonica, City of Ghosts: Christians, Muslims and Jews, 1430-1950, 2004, ISBN 978-0-375-41298-1.






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